How did Wolsey rise in status from Essay Example for Free

How did Wolsey rise in status from Essay 1500-1516 During 1500 and 1516 Wolsey rose from simple butchers son to Cardinal of the church. He was the boss of Englands administration, meaning he had to keep control foreign policies and Englands domestic matters. He was a man of great stamina and a man of great intelligence and organisational skills. He was an intellectual child and went to Oxford University. After coming out of university, Wolsey works for Nanfan in Calais he is asked to work for Henry VII but refuses. When Nanfan dies Wolsey goes to London to work for Henry VII, Wolsey is liked due to being hard working and amazing at organising. When Henry VII dies Henry VIII succeeds the throne, the new king wants to go to war with France. Although his fathers advisers; Fox, Warham and Surrey disagree he goes ahead with the plan. Henry VII needs money, Wolsey comes up with the idea of bringing back subsidies, this raises the huge amount of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000. By doing this Wolsey gets close to the king and Henry realises how hardworking Wolsey is, and therefore gives Wolsey control of logistics. Henry wins the war and sees just how useful Wolsey is, during the war Henrys adviser Surrey had stepped aside (he didnt go to France) letting Wolsey take glory from the war. While England is in France Scotland attack, they loose their king and Surrey wins the battle, he is made Duke of Norfolk. After Fox retires, Warham is removed as an advisor, and Wolsey is appointed Cardinal. Wolseys rise is quick and almost impossible. The argument that Elton presents is that Wolsey makes his way to Cardinal by force, i.e.; pushing people out of the way to make way for himself. That Wolsey is just a bully who manipulates people to get what he wants. Whereas Gwyn says that Wolsey was just a very hard worker who was admired by people very much and deserved his promotions and positions he was given. We see Wolseys manipulating and evil side when he takes over the war and pushes Surrey out of the way. Here we see how Wolsey uses his intellect to manipulate Henry VIIs way of thinking, after this Henry thinks of Surrey as not as influential and useful as Wolsey. By taking over the logistics in the war Wolsey shows his passion for war and that he has a cruel side too. Luckily Surrey fends of Scotland, and impresses the king and rather than being forgotten like Wolsey wants he is made Duke of Norfolk. To put an end to the new-formed alliance between Spain, France and the Holy Roman Empire he was sent to a conference and decided that he would trade Mary Roses hand in marriage to Louie for peace and agreement. This shows he is willing to give the kings relatives away to get a result and ultimately stay in power, or even get promoted. When Wolsey gets back to England he starts talking about how Fox is not doing his job and how he wasnt even in France at the time of the negotiations. This is most likely due to the fact that Fox was also Bishop of Exeter and was concentrating on that rather than his negotiating duties. Wolsey uses this as an excuse to say that Fox is lazy and isnt doing his job properly. Fox finally leaves his post in government due to Wolsey, thus meaning Wolsey gains more authority and power. Wolsey then proceeds to get Warham removed, this is because the king does not like Warham and getting rid of him will mean the king likes Wolsey more. Warham is still Arch Bishop of Canterbury, and therefore still has some authority over Wolsey. To counteract this Wolsey gets the king to make him Cardinal. This makes Warham almost useless and his position irrelevant. Wolseys manipulating and bully-like ways got him into very high power, but to do so he got rid of his opposition with force. Gwyn takes a very different approach to Elton and says how Wolsey was an honest and very hardworking man, who had the interests of the country at heart. Wolsey starts his career by devising an ingenious scheme that would get the king what he wanted without having to raise taxes on the everyday man. After impressing the king Wolsey was rewarded by being given the job of logistics in the war. This was likely done to trial him as government representative. Wolsey works ridiculously hard during the war so that all the calculations and logistics are correct. As a result he wins the war against France. When Wolsey comes back to England he finds Fox to be old and encourages him to retire, so he can relax after such a long time serving the king. Fox agreed that he was old and should stop work. For such good work the king makes Wolsey, Cardinal. Warham is bitter about this, as he does not like the way in which Wolsey operates. Wolsey then proceeds to stop the illegal happenings of Warham and gets revenue from Warhams property. We can see that both views can make sense, but I feel that Wolsey made it to the top by a mix of the two. I think that he was genuinely hard working and clever, but also encouraged people to leave the government. This way of thinking is more believable than someone who was totally evil or perfect. It was likely that if you did something good for the king every so often he would promote you, and this is exactly what happened. Therefore if you bring Eltons and Gwyns ideas together then you are more likely to get a true representation of what Wolsey was really like and how he got his high status.

King Lear :: essays papers

King Lear In William Shakespeare’s classic play, King Lear, the title character gives a memorable speech that brings to light the effect of wealth on the way people perceive mistakes. When you were a kid and you did something wrong your mother or your father probably told you, â€Å"well everyone makes mistakes.† Lear adds another dimension to this concept. In more modern terms, his speech basically says that it’s much easier to detect sin and wrong in a man who bumbles around in filth with a shopping cart full of God-knows-what, all wrapped up in garbage bags, than it is in a man who pulls up in a Jaguar and is wealthy enough to hire people to floss his teeth. However, when King Lear actually delivered the speech, there were no Jaguars, and there was no dental floss. There probably weren’t even shopping carts or garbage bags. In fact, I’m quite sure there weren’t, so King Lear’s speech might not be quite as accurate now as it was in his time. It was a different society, a different world. In fact a particular situation of very recent time comes to mind, which shows just how outdated Lear’s speech might be, since there was of course no crack cocaine back then. Most people who pay attention to current events will know where I’m going with this. Last week I was flipping through the newspaper (keep that in mind) when a very familiar name caught my attention. Ex-baseball star Darryl Strawberry had once again been arrested for a series of completely ridiculous and outrageous behaviors. â€Å"Sinful,† in more King Learly terms would be an understatement when addressing Strawberry’s most recent crimes. â€Å"Robes and furr’d gowns hide all?† It’s quite the opposite in this case. The public eye has actually been nothing less than relentless in poring over and pointing fingers of shame and â€Å"look at him isn’t that terrible?!,† all at Darryl Strawberry, the rich and famous baseball hero. His sin is plated with anything but gold. But you know what? There might be some bum walking up the block from me right now, selling the same crack cocaine that got Mr. Strawberry in trouble. I wo uldn’t know about it, and neither would anybody else (law enforcement officials, for example). No one can see his small vices, despite his â€Å"tatter’d clothes.

Behavior Modification Research Paper Essay

Abstract Reinforcing positive behavior is critical in many aspects. It helps parents, school teachers and managers seek positive behavioral responses from the subject whether it’s a child, adult or even an employee. â€Å"Reinforcement was first studied by Thorndike (1911), who illustrated that reinforcement is a process where the behavior is increased by the immediate consequence that follows. Thorndike placed a hungry cat in a cage and food outside the cage and the cat eventually learned to press the lever again and again to gain access to the food that was placed outside the cage. Thorndike called this â€Å"Law of Effect†, simply, because the cage-cat illustration showed how the animal learned (stimulus-response) through operant conditioning† (Thorndike 1911). Reinforcement can be either positive or negative (Miltenberger, 2011). Both have their own merits and demerits. Positive reinforcement is often considered as more desirable, especially, since the negative reinforcement cannot be sustained for too long and also it has chances of revoking resistance. Positive reinforcement through both primary and secondary methods helps win the respect and loyalty of the subject most of the times. Sustainable reinforcement is a mixture of the two types: positive and negative. For personal behavioral modification, people mostly choose to get positive stimuli. They do not like to be hurt or punished in order to perform a task. Likewise, I also chose the positive methods and would prefer that I am given appreciation at home, school and/or my workplace because that will help me to demonstrate increased productivity, dedication and commitment and it will also reduce the level of stress. These positive factors of reinforcement may include improving the work environment, improving timings and/or offering conveyance services. Introduction Behaviors are equally important at work as well as in our social lives. This is because positive behavior is connected to good performance and impact, and, negative behavior is connected to negative impact. During evaluation periods, employers review positive behavior from their employees and they focus on both positive and negative behavioral types when they looking to hire new employees. Behavior is a response that can be reinforced. Reinforcement concept of psychology helps find what reinforces positive  behavior and which activities reinforce negative behavior. There are both positive and negative reinforces and there are benefits and consequences for both behavior type. In the workplace, the Manager is not only required to find the factors that help in reinforcing positive behavior, but, also to assess the comparative success of these factors in different work and home environments as well. A detailed analysis of reinforcement literature will assist in effectively modifying th e behavior. Literature Review B.F. Skinner used the reinforcement theory to positively encourage the mouse to find a way out and get cheese and today, Managers make use of reinforcement theories to motivate employees. Reinforcing positive behavior allows the managers to determine what can be expected from their employee(s). Daymut (2009) says that positive reinforcement helps in homes, schools, offices and almost anywhere. Reinforcement is supportive in increasing the chances of certain behavioral response. The probability of behavior can be increased by increasing the stimulus to which the individual or employee responds. The primary reinforcers are physical stimuli and the appreciation and non-monetary rewards are the secondary reinforcing agents. Punishment serves as negative reinforcers while gratitude serves as positive reinforcers. People are inclined to different reinforcing factors based on their personality-type, the kind of environment they were brought up in and the things that are inculcated into their minds. The pleasure-pain principle suggests that some people are motivated better when they find pleasure in doing something, while, others may not indulge into an activity unless they find pain by not doing them. For example, getting ill due to over-eating and excessive weight gain is a negative reinforcing factor that will help an individual adopt a routine of healthy (adequate) eating choices and light exercising such as walking, etc. Reinforcement works differently in different environments. Some environments are better suitable for the positive reinforcement while the others are better for the negative reinforcement. However, in most of cases the positive reinforcement is considered more effective and useful (DeLeon, Neidert, Anders, and Rodriguez, 2001). The reinforcement of behavior is backed by some needs that can be personal, social or organizational. People even use these strategies for helping people with psychological problems since they are not able to  show response in normal conditions without induced stimuli. The stimuli in positive method should be such that they can be easily arranged as required. On the other hand, the negative factors should also not be too critical to result into a rebellious behavior of the subject. The common examples of positive stimulus or positive reinforcement includes but not limited to; offering gifts to children on getting good grades, paying extra amount for labor projects that were completed on time and/or increasing the salary of an employee or even promoting him/her. The example of negative reinforcement or negative stimuli includes but not limited to; punishing a child for not completing homework, asking an employee to sit late in office for not meeting sales target, etc. The type of reinforcement should not be selected based on the choices of manager, but, these choices should be made based on the behavior. Negative reinforcement should not be used unless the positive reinforcement factors have failed (Cosgrave, 2007). Positive behavior of an employee is desired not only to make the system efficient, but, also to get the job merely done in the first place. While reinforcing a behavior, the management of a company or the parents at home or the teachers at schools should be confident that the reinforcement agent will be effective in the long term. For example, it is not possible to promote an employee every time he completes a project or give gifts to the successful child every time he passes the exam and/or give the child candy every time he/she finishes his work on time. Secondary stimuli, making the contribution known and setting higher and more respectable targets can also serve as reinforcing factors that may be guaranteed in the long run. DeLeon, Neidert, Anders andRodriguez (2001) say that the positive reinforcement is very effective and has found to be helpful especially when positive behavior is to be evoked in the children with autism and other psychological diseases. Tuten et al (2014) say that friendly enforcement techniques are helpful for professionals as well as nonprofessionals. Treatment B.F. Skinners and many others have found that positive reinforcement is effective in evoking positive psychological behavior. Skinner described positive reinforcement in his mice study and it was a success. My clients (investors) believe in me, value and appreciate me, but, sometimes they try to assign me to tasks that are not related to my skills, and, I think they  tend to do this based on their perception of my capabilities and behavior. Sometimes, the work pressure is very high because I am given many tasks that are mandatory and need to be completed in a very short time frame and this make me feel stressed at work because (sometimes) because I work from home-all alone in the State of Georgia and the physical aspects of my job is located in other states (D.C.-Maryland area) and I have to rely on others to perform certain assignments in short time-frame. Therefore I suggest how reinforcement can be used in treating issues I face: Positive Reinforcement: I am requesting that my c ompany provide me with an office space in Maryland-DC area where I can travel to every other month. Also, my working hours should remain the same with some flexibility. Further, my company should allow me to hire a part-time assistant to help take care of some of the footwork, i.e., post court notices on doors, file legal paperwork in the courts, etc. Next, I perform better between the hours of 6am to 3:30pm and I would like to keep that schedule, if I can have an assistant. Therefore, I believe that if I am afforded the opportunity to work during those times that suit me then my performance will be 110% better. Negative Reinforcement: The management can announce that my salary will be deducted if I do not work for set number of hours every day. Also they can penalize me if for not completing my projects by its deadline dates which in return can also affect other projects in the company and lead to legal problems and loss of money. The negative reinforcement should be given only once in a while and it should not be introduced unnecessarily. What I wrote above is a good example of what I do as a Property Manager and I’ve described it in a way that would benefit me if I worked for an Employer. I am self-employed and my job can be stressful at times, so I hire local contractors in D.C.-Maryland area to help me achieve 20% of my work goals to reduce some of my stress. I think positive reinforcement is not only beneficial towards work-related behavior changes, but I would also suggest that people use positive reinforcement strategies to modify their own personal behavior as well. I would like to suggest that all of us should help others adopt these strategies, too. Conclusion Without controlling behavior, a person cannot successfully perform the routine tasks of life. It is sometimes not possible for an individual to  control his behavior and feel motivated. In such situations, external motivation factors are required that can be either appreciation or consequences for negative behavior. These positive and negative reinforcement factors should be used strategically because there are merits and demerits of each. I will prefer positive reinforcement because this will help me in feeling motivated and engaged. The negative reinforcement is connected to unpleasant feelings of shame and insult that will not be beneficial in the long run. Both individuals and organizations can use a combination of the two methods to get a positive outcome. References 1. Miltenberger, R.G., (2011). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures. 5th Ed. 2. Thorndike, E.L. (1911). Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies. NewYork:Macmillan 3. Cosgrave, G., (2007), â€Å"Negative Reinforcement†, Retrieved from: http://www.educateautism.com/behavioural-principles/negative-reinforcement.html#.U4XAT2dZrIU 4. Daymut, J. A., (2009), â€Å"Positive Reinforcement: A Behavior-Management Strategy†, Retrieved from: http://www.superduperinc.com/handouts/pdf/238_PositiveReinforcement.pdf 5. DeLeon, I. G., Neidert, P. L., Anders, B. M., Rodriguez, C. V., (2001), â€Å"Choices between positive and negative reinforcement during treatment for escape-maintained behaviour†, Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 34(4):521-525 6. Tuten, L. M., Jones, H. E., Schaeffer, C. M., Stitzer, M. L., (2014), â€Å"Reinforcement-Based Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: A Comprehensive Behavioural Approach†, ISBN: 978-1-4338-1024-4

Central Nervous System Diseases Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination affects white and grey matter (Kieseier and Stuve, 2011; Stadelman et al., 2011), and it is accompained by disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), inflammatory infiltrates consisting of monocyte-derived macrophages and lymphocytes, and axonal degeneration (Trapp and Nave, 2008). As a consequence, MS patients usually suffer from loss of motor and sensory function, and cognitive impairment. During the disease course, especially during the early stages, MS is characterized by the succession of destruction and repair events. As lesion progress, monocytes and autoreactive T cells infiltrate the CNS. T cells are reactivated by antigen-presenting cells and secrete cytokines and chemokines that induce the recruitment and activation of macrophages, B cells and more T cells. This massive cellular infiltration and subsequent inflammation is eventually responsible of oligodendrocytes death, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. During remyelination, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) migrate from the subventricular zone to the inflammatory lesions, proliferate and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. OPCs proliferation is induced by factors secreted by microglia and astrocytes that are activated by lesion formation, while OPCs survival and differentiation is established by contact between axons and OPCs processes (McQualter and Bernard,Show MoreRelatedMultipl e Sclerosis : A Disease Of The Central Nervous System2024 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the Central nervous system that progresses over a period time (â€Å"NINDS,† 2015). The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Damage to the central nervous system may interfere with sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Myelin is an insulating layer around neuron processes that serves as a protective barrier (â€Å"MedlinePlus,†2016). In the case of Multiple Sclerosis, this protective layer is permanentlyRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis : A Degenerative Disease Of The Central Nervous System1210 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. In multiple sclerosis, the immune system of the body attacks the myelin sheath. Myelin is a fatty substance rich in proteins that surrounds, insulates, and protects the nerve as well as helps to speed up nerve transmissions. Neurons are the basic working part of the brain that transmit messages to other nerves in the body. Every neuron in the central nervous system has a cell body and an axon. An axonRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis : An Autoimmune Disease Of The Central Nervous System883 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System, which interferes with the communication between the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and other parts of the body. The immune system attacks the myelin on the nerve fibers; resulting in damaged myelin that forms sclerosis. Overtime, many nerve fibers and myelin sheath will be damaged or even destroyed, resulting in the nerve impulse being interrupted. MS can be mild, moderate, or severeRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis : A Neurological Disease That Affects The Central Nervous System909 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Sclerosis is a neurological disease that affects the central nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. Myelin sheath, an insulation that covers the nerve fibers, is damaged resulting in multiple patches of scarred tissue called lesions. 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It can be seen that multiple sclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men between the ages of 20-40 (Bethesda 2015). While the disease is typically mild in most cases, some severe cases may result in the loss in the ability to speak, walk, and write. Common symptoms of the disease includeRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis (Ms) Is A Disease That Impacts The Brain,1040 Words   |  5 Pages Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that impacts the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves, which is together known as the Central Nervous System (CNS). It is perhaps one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting about 1 per 1,000 of the population (Beaumont, 2008). Multiple Sclerosis means â€Å"Multiple Scars† due to the many scars (lesions) that are located in the CNS. This disease involves two mai n systems in the body, the Central Nervous System and the Immune System. The Central NervousRead MoreThe Nervous System and Diseases Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesNervous System and Diseases Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS)Read MoreMultiple Sclerosis And The Central Nervous System1605 Words   |  7 PagesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative and potentially debilitating disorder that affects the spinal cord and brain, collectively known as the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis evolves gradually throughout time and is considered to be auto-immune, which means the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues that are supposed to be within the body. According to Medscape, symptoms consist of, but are not limite d to, sexual problems, ataxia (the inability to control certain

The Mental Illness Of The Mayo Clinic - 1075 Words

According to the Mayo Clinic, a mental illness can be defined as a disorder, or multiple disorders that can all be on a spectrum, that can affect mood, cognitive abilities, and the way one acts. Mayo Clinic’s definition also includes the specification that, to be considered a mental illness, the symptoms generally effect a person’s ability to function in common life situations, all while causing quite a bit of stress. It becomes obvious that these types of diseases can be just as damaging as physical illnesses, hence the drastic need for treatment and continuing advancements in the methods of treatment. According to Professor Ingrid Farerras, a Professor of Psychology at Hood College in Maryland, there have been three main ways, or†¦show more content†¦Because this is the most popular and accepted explanation for using trephination, this practice would fit into the category of supernatural theories about mental illnesses. Viewing mental illnesses as a punishmen t from God or other gods has been a common practice repeated by many cultures in many different countries, and is also a common indicator of supernatural theorists. Around 400 B.C., Hippocrates tried to separate medical practices and supernatural explanations (Farerras 2017). He was more in favor of a somatogenic approach, and he believed that an unusual amount of certain fluids in the body could cause a person to become ill. The four fluids he focused on were blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. This theory came to be known as humourism. According to Hippocrates, the four aforementioned fluids were humours of the body, and they could affect one’s mind. To treat the ailments of having too much of one humour in a person’s body, people of the time in the medical field devised methods of ridding the body of the fluids. A popular method was blood-letting. According to Jennie Cohen from the History Channel, this practice was one of the most commonly used if a person had any kind of ailment. Essentially, a doctor of the time would either use a knife to cut a slit into a person’s arm and let the blood flow into a basin, or they would use leeches to remove blood from the body (Cohen 2012). Because havingShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )847 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Bipolar Disorder† Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness, which involves hypomanic episodes, which are changes in someone’s usual mood. Originally, Bipolar Disorder was called manic depression because it does share similar symptoms with people diagnosed with depression. Bipolar Disorder is a severe condition because it can cause mania, which then causes hallucinations and paranoid rage. (Bipolar Disorder) Bipolar Disorder is classified into two categories, bipolar type 1 and bipolar type 2. BipolarRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Plan For Mayo Clinic950 Words   |  4 Pagesmultiple helpful tips to conquer your mental health. According to Mayo clinic, a great way is to â€Å"get treatment.† By receiving the treatment, it can give relief by identifying what is wrong and reducing symptoms that interfere with your work and personal life (Mayo clinic). Stick with the treatment plan that you chose to help take control of your mental health illness. â€Å"Don’t skip the therapy sessions that you go to, a sudden stop could have bad effects† (Mayo clinic). Those effects can lead to not onlyRead MoreSchizophreni The Most Devastating Mental Illness1706 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Evans PSY 2012-02B 07 Nov 2014 Research paper Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is often times referred to as one of the most devastating mental illness. This is because of it early onset in a patients live, and also that the symptoms can be destructive not only to the patient but also their family and friends. Schizophrenia is often discussed as a single illness, but schizophrenia can include a wide array of disorders which can present many similar behavioral symptoms. More than likely schizophreniaRead MoreDepression : Depression And Depression927 Words   |  4 PagesDepressionMental Illness As a kid I would often get overwhelmed and say I’m depressed but not truly knowing the meaning of the word Depression. Now that I am older I know not to use that term so loosely because depression is a disorder that is very serious. According to the Mayo Clinic Depression, also known as major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that causes a feeling of sadness and a loss of interest. Depression can cause physical problems because it affects how you think along with howRead MoreSchizophrenia- Mental Disorder1002 Words   |  5 Pagesof his sophomore year when Ron Oelberg, my uncle, had the mental breakdown that forever changed his life. 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Criminal Justice as Entertainment Essays - 999 Words

Section one Generally, crime and law enforcement television programs have been tremendously popular, with constantly elevated ratings over time. More than a quarter of all prime time shows from the 1960s to the 1990s have centred on subjects of crime or criminal justice, which comprise the biggest single subject matter on television today, across all types of programming (Weigel and Jessor, 1999). Drawing on Carlsons (2001) review of the literature, we observe that these studies have characteristically enclosed five main interconnected areas: knowledge of and information on the system, compliance, rights, police images, and violence and victimization. Every substantive part listed above can offer guidance in expanding a complete research†¦show more content†¦In one episode titled ‘Thrill Killers†, two individuals, Joshua Ford and Genie Crutchley, went missing from their beachside hotel room. Other two suspects Benjamin and Erica Sifrit, described as a young married couple, w ere apprehended on charges of burglary when they allegedly endeavoured to rob a Hooter’s souvenir shop. Discovered among their ownerships were Ford and Crutchley’s wallets and other unique pieces. Ahead of investigating the Sifrit’s correlation to the duo’s vanishing, police determined that the Sifrits had executed them prior to maiming their bodies and discarding them in a trash dumpster. There was no solid grounds following the murders therefore it was purely a thrill killing on the section of the Sifrits, a consequence of an increasing blueprint of wild and precarious behaviour. Benjamin Sifrit was sentenced on second-degree murder for Crutchley’s murder, however was not sentenced on Ford’s murder. His partner, Erica Sifrit, was awarded the second-degree murder of Crutchley and the first-degree murder of Ford. Both are appealing their convictions. 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Question: Discuss about theManagerial Ideology for Organizations and Environments. Answer: The implementation of Scientific Management principles resulted in major changes to the Factory System. From a management point of view, what were these changes? Using the article on Morgan's (1997) metaphors (available on Moodle) which of these metaphors applies to Factory system before the implementation of Scientific Management? And which metaphor would apply after? Explain your reasoning concerning the text and other academic sources. First and foremost, it is important to look at the principles of this concept theory of scientific management. The Taylors theory of scientific management has four principles. These include; Replace operation/working by rule of thumb, or simple habit and common sense, and as an alternative apply the scientific method to study work and decide on the most professional and competent manner to perform specific functions. Training of workers Supervise employees performance, and offer instructions and management to make sure that they are the most effective ways of operation. Assign the task to managers and employees so that the managers make use of their time scheduling and training, enabling employees to carry out their duties effectively. Changes; According to these four principles, changes in the factory systems were experienced through their application. The scientific management theory disseminated the idea of division of labour uniformly among the employees as well the managers. This act itself creates a formal and official connection with respect and ensures that the duties given to every employee is worked on promptly. In this case, a teamwork spirit is also cultivated within these institutions. On the other hand, through the division of labour, the management has transformed to a democratic type where every individual is allowed to give out their views in regards to what they feel is affecting their performance. Additionally, another change that has been realized is the chance for scientific training as explained in the principle. Currently, several institutions are putting this principle into practice to realize maximum profits. The introduction of technology in the manufacturing department requires employees and managers to have good knowledge to cope up with the frequent emergence of new technologies, and that requires the application of Taylors concepts. Currently, no organization can deny the fact that they are using Taylors concepts, especially in the recruitment process. A human resource department has been created to carry out the function of recruiting only the best-qualified workers should there be any vacancy within an institution. As the concept demands, the recruits are offered a little training to get to know what is supposed to be done and also familiarise with their place of work. Using the article on Morgan's(1997) metaphors (available on Moodle)which of these metaphors applies to Factory system before the implementation of Scientific Management? And which metaphor would apply after? Explain your reasoning with reference to the text and other academic sources. In the theory of management, there is one model that has stood out among other models; Gareth Morgans metaphors of organizations. Morgan (1997) explains eight metaphors that work as a way through which an individual might view an institution. These metaphors include organism, machine, brain, political system, culture, psych prison, an instrument of domination, change and transformation (Morgan, 2011). Choosing a metaphor to require carefulness since it significantly influences how people see organisational issues and solutions required. Morgans theory stands out mainly since it offers an evaluation of the various viewpoints that apply to comprehend the conduct of institutions. Among these metaphors, there are some that apply to factory system before the implementation of scientific management theory of Taylor. Factory system majorly deals with machines for the better part of the operation. Therefore, a machine as a metaphor was applicable before the implementation of the scientific management theory. Any operating factory requires machines to function better; therefore machine was applied long ago Taylors. The machine requires an organisation to have a command and a time of control. Furthermore, since machines cannot be handled by anybody, it requires an individual with skills to handle it, thus division of labour just the same way as various machines serve different purposes. When an institution or a factory is seen as a machine, an individual has to view how the management, authority and obligation are apportioned and how different persons are authorised to take different plans. Another metaphor applied the theory is the brain metaphor. Several management theories support brain metaphor, and many of them have been developed. One such theory is the decision-making approach that treats institutions as communication, information and decision-making structures. Everything human beings do require the brain; decisions are made using brain; everything that revolves around the management is the brain (Alvesson, 2002). Therefore, this metaphor is critical and is applied after and before the implantation of the concept of Taylors principles. Other metaphors that were before the implementation of Taylors concept include culture and organisation of political parties system. Rational-bureaucratic organisations are supposed to develop the best means to achieve their goals. Based on your reading of Chapter 5 (pg. 56), what would you say are some of the obstacles to making the "best" decisions about ways to reach a goal or solve a problem? Do some organisations have a more difficult time with this than others? What kinds of goals or problems do they deal with? This model is created on the machine metaphor of institutions that illustrates the similarity between the connection among the parts of the mechanical tool and the relationship among positions in the corporations. Max Weber envisioned the theory. It uses a formal hierarchy, speciality, impersonality and promotion based on qualification and achievements, to support an organisation attain their objectives (Martin, 2002). These components help in realising a better and equal workplace, clear directions and which then aids employees with to ask for advice from. There are still obstacles that are being experienced when applying the model in the workplace. It has strict and rigid regulations as well as processes that undermine the organisations primary goals. This takes place as workers are heavily focused on adhering to the rules set by the organisations top management thus making them lose focus on the organisations objectives thus poor in productivity. Do you think the term used by Barnard -- "common moral purpose" (pg. 103) -- is a good way to describe what happens in work organisations? Why or why not? According to Chester Bernard, common purpose may be the best method to describe functions of the organisation. It is suitable for some features as people are often guided by the organisations goals and ways of accomplishing them. Employees work to obtain a common purpose, whether that be making a product or offering a service to customers. Workers job descriptions and functions will relate to the organisations objectives and long-standing goals (CAMBRIDGE POLICY STUDIES INSTITUTE, 1973). Through this, workers will all have a common purpose. Again, the aims of the employees must be coordinated with organisations for a common moral purpose to be realised. Every worker must have the values of the organisation at heart and believe in them thus achieving a common purpose efficiently. The transformation of organisational forms has given rise to a variety of paradoxical demands. For example, organisations want to achieve both economies of scale and economies of scope; they want to specialise yet be flexible. What does each of these separate demands mean for organising and managing? Why they all are desired? How can they peacefully co-exist? Organizations currently, want to accomplish economies of scale and economies of scope, through a means being flexible in spite of having expertise in another ground. According to Turi (2015), economies of scale connected to the rate of offering a better service at a lower cost. Economies of scope are the aggressive benefit that a corporation takes pleasure in for a product or a service for a certain market section. Managerial theorists have used Fords industrial model to replicate on the planning and running abilities of business to portray fresh and up-and-coming organisational forms. New organisations are very different when the comparison is made to the Fordist standards on the division of labour. The organisation should be flexible in economies of scope and also propose product or service that excites to a particular section. In case of economies of scale, business ought to produce products in bulk to authenticate and authenticate costs, thereby planning its existing levels of ma nufacture and running costs. References Morgan, G. (1997). Images of Organization. London: Sage. Martin, J. (2002). Organizational culture: Mapping the terrain. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Turi, A,MM,IL,GGAMS 2015, ' May. From Fordism to Lean management: Main shifts in automotive industry evolution within the last century. ', In MakeLearn International Scientific Conference on Management of Knowledge and Learning, pp. 25-27. CAMBRIDGE POLICY STUDIES INSTITUTE. (1973). Working papers for a new society. Cambridge, Mass, Cambridge Policy Studies Institute]. Alvesson, M. (2002). Understanding organizational culture. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. Martin, J. (2002). Organizational culture: Mapping the terrain. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. JAFFEE, D. (2008). Organization theory: tension and change. Boston, McGraw Hill.