The Runaway Slave

slaveholding has been in existence for thousands of years, for as long as hu human raceitys bodied history. It is common knowledge that some of our monumental works of art want the Great Pyramids of Egypt were erected by slaves. Slavery usually begins when there is a need to produce something at a larger scale. In the trip of Cuba, that item was sugar. In the 18th century, as Cubas economy became more and more dependent on its sugarcane production, slavery became more and more necessary in order for Cuba to increase production and support up with the demand for sugar.Miguel Barnets Biography of a Runaway Slave tells the story of a real-life source Cuban slave, Esteban Montejo and his own private journey to freedom. While on the surface it whitethorn seem like a simple biography, Montejos life-story was presented in the larger context of Cubas colorful, but often misunderstood history. The former slave became a fugitive and lived in the wild for several years, subsisting on the abundant works and fauna of the forest. He later became a soldier for Cubas war of independence.Perhaps his hard life has built Montejo to such a great extent that he lived much longer than about people, or it may be perhaps the need to tell his story to the world was what made him continue supporting as he did. Esteban Montejo was 105 years old when Bartnet interviewed him for the book, and he lived on for eight more years hence. more(prenominal) than a story about slavery, Biography of a Runaway Slave is a historical accounting of how the Caribbeans culture fused with that of Africans through the slave trade.Esteban life straddled the 19th and twentieth centuries and went through most of Cubas most important historical periods in history. As such, he is open to chronicle the changes that his country was going through in its bid for freedom, even as he searched for personal liberty. Through Bartnet, we are given a chance to glimpse at the life of one man and one hundred of memories of a way of living long gone by. Perhaps some of the most poignant images in the book were Estebans description of life in the sugarcane plantations.Esteban recounts that slaves in the plantation lived in places called barracoons and he describes these barracoons as he remembers them, The slaves disliked living under those conditions being locked up repress them This was laid out in rows two rows facing each other with a door in the middle and a massive padlock to shut the slaves in at night Both types had grind to a halt floors and were dirty as hell. And there was no modern ventilation there Just a mussiness in the wall or a small barred window.The result was that the place swarmed with fleas and ticks, which made the inmates naughtily with infections and evil spells, for those ticks were witches. The only way to get rid of them was with hot wax, and sometimes even that did not work. The know wanted the barracoons to look clean outside, so they were white washed. (B arnet 1994, 12) Clearly, as Esteban remembers, there was no dignity for African slaves in Cuba. Their work was hard and unrelenting, and they barely had anytime to rest.Their sleeping quarters as Esteban remembers were not fit, even for animals. Estebans hated his life, and he yearned to break from the yokes of slavery and this is revealed by his own words, I cared for myself as if I were a pampered child. I didnt want to be taken into slavery again. It was repugnant to me, it was shameful. (Barnet 1994, 16) Such feelings gave him the courage to escape. He ran to the shadowy forest where he found safe haven. His loathing for slavery made him risk the dangers of living in the wild. For him, it was freedom or nothing.And he flourished in the forest, where he had everything he needed to live, except for the oestrus of another persons companionship. The truth is I lacked for nothing in the forest. The only thing I could not manage was sex. (Barnet 1994, 21) Esteban lived in the wild until the abolition of slavery. Later, Estebans love for freedom compelled him to join the repugn for Cuban independence. By becoming a soldier, Esteban has shown his love for his country even as he despise slavery. He dreamt of a better Cuba, and he did his part, small as it may have been to help master that.He is a nationalist because while he could have chosen to just live the rest of his long time in the forest, he decided to rejoin society and fight, this time not for personal freedom, but for the bodied freedom of all Cubans. All of Estabans life has been defined by slavery and his struggles against all the things that suffer him in chains. Reading the book I have realized that while some circumstances may vary, there is never an instance when slavery is acceptable or dignified. Its mere concept goes against the very record of free will that mankind was born with.In Cuba, as in most places, slavery was institutionalized for stinting gains. It is ironic that the very peo ple producing goods for material prosperity are the very people who never gain ground from it. Estebans accounts of life in the plantation make for a very poignant illustration of the condemnable ways that we can treat one another. It was in this seemingly forecastless situation that Esteban cling to hope because it was the only thing that he has. He kept alive the hope for freedom for all slaves and a better, kinder world for all of mankind. Reference Barnet, M. (1994) Biography of a Runaway Slave. Trans. W. Nick Hill. Curbstone Press.

Fashion Industry China: Csr Case

flair constancy China CSR causa Subject Sub relegation Date Class group Members CSR cross-analyses on ex pushion persistence Tuesday 15, 2012 MBA Pudong corporeal cordial Responsibility Christiane Pagsisihan Damien Dandelot Jose Antonio Mallen Tendai Chitapi Vera Boisa Harbhajan Khalsa Executive Summary The research subject trough four main Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) disobliges ( babyren diligence, Working condition, purlieual imp morsel and purlieual Sustainability) indicates some(prenominal) glaring trends within the counterfeit manufacture.First of all, in that location appears to be an overall growth in the CSR practice and actives during the experience decade in the devise industry. Moreover, it seems evident that CSR is more and more considered as important issues in the fashion industries whatever the peculiar(prenominal)ation and the market argon. Finally, after having aim a close comparability between sextuplet fashion companies, it seems that if companies continue to develop its CSR actions in activities such as eco-friendly ingredient sourcing, fair pricing, eco-manucircumstanceuring, and efficient non-wasteful distri andion, as healthy as corporate sponsorship, they give result competitive advantage.Indeed, with the devouration of CSR initiatives brands build a corroborative image and then are more able to counter criticism for otherwise issues that may proceed the community. Introduction Over the last decade, corporate worker duty has moved to the forefront of consumers minds and has elicited legion(predicate) responses on the part of the fashion industry.It should non come as a surp face lifting given that it encompasses the design, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, retailing, advertising, and promotion of all types of apparel (mens, womens, and childrens) from the intimately rarefied and expensive haute couture (literally, high sewing) and designer fashions to ordinary familiar clothing (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). Within the industry there are different kinds of activities, such as model agencies, seminal agencies, media specialized in fashion (i. e. port TV) and textiles etc.According to Market Line work, ball-shaped Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods (2012), the world(a) textiles, apparel and high life well be crapds market (men, women and children clothing, textiles, footwear and lavishness goods) had tot revenues of about $3 one million million in 2011, representing a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3. 7% for the period 2007-2011. The per castance of the market is visualise to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 4. 2% for the five-year period 2011-2016, which is expected to drive the market to a value of more $3. trillion by the end of 2016. Put simply, the fashion industry is a huge sector and then deserves a closer examination as to the human rights and environmental impacts. Due to the fact that the industry encompasses a unnumerabl e of companies, we remove selected sextuplet companies established in China (Table 1 and Exhibits 1 to 6). Indeed, in China, the textile and clothing industry is the largest 1 rogue Fashion Industry China CSR Case squad 7 MBA Pudong manufacturing industry. in that location are about 24,000 enterprises that employ 8 million workers.In addition, China is the largest clothing producer in the world, and has the largest takings capacity for textile mill products consisting of cotton and silk (Qiu, 2005). Table 1 General description of the six companies selected (data from 2011) caller-out Inditex SA H&M porta Inc. Levis Hermes LVMH HQ Spain Sweden USA USA France France Market mid(prenominal) to low income Mid to low income Mid to upper income Mid to upper income Higher income Higher income Total revenue (billion) $ 17. 53 $ 15. 1 $ 14. 55 $ 4. 8 $ 4. 8 $ 30. 08 Net Profit (billion) $ 2. 45 $ 2. 76 $ . 83 $ 0. 14 $ 1. 2 $ 3. 81 Number of Stores 5,527 2,325 3250 470 283 3095 Numbe r of Markets 82 43 44 110 57 60 Number of Employees widely distributed 109,512 59,440 132,000 17,000 8370 98,000 CSR issues relevant to the fashion industry Then, before moving on, the major CSR issues in the fashion industry are outlined below (Table 2). Indeed, this fudge aims to highlight the major issues that fashion industry must consider into practices. These table has been made according some information coming from diverse councils and web site, but with a primarily focus on the Nordic Fashion Association, commandment ofConduct and Manual (2012). Table 2 List and describe the CSR related issues relevant to the industry CSR issues relevant to the fashion industry Description of the issue Human decentlys Exploiting people for profit. This concern is widespread throughout the fashion industry worldwide. independence of association and the effective Ensure that workers participating in unions are not subject to contrast recognition of the right to corporate bargaining or punitive disciplinary actions. Forced mash Trafficking and exploiting human bes for the purpose of monetary gain.Issues Child Labor Discrimination Working Conditions Wages, payroll records and deductions Labor contracts Environment Corruption and Bribery Ethical wight Ethics Models Employing children under the legal age to work in factories, sweatshops or even in their take homes. Unfair treatment in favor or over against a person based on their religious affiliation, skin color, nationality, gender, race, economic class etc. Forced labor. Extended work hours with little or no compensation. Occupational health and safety. Withholding pay and legal documentation. Ref using to negotiate with unions. holler of power and authority. Toxic waste.Heavy chemicals and dyes. Abuse of power by officials, corporate or otherwise, for illegitimate gain. Use of real animal fur or exotic animals. Animal abuse and testing. Refraining from the promotion of unattainable body ideals and unhea lthy lifestyles. Note that due to the fact that the fashion industry requires extensive manual labor and the use of raw material and chemicals, the deuce most critical global issues according to the classification to the linked Nations international Compact (UNCG) are Human Rights and the Environment. However, these categories are becalm really broad therefore, the analysis will be split into four sub-categories ? Human Right Child Labor, Working Conditions, Environmental repair and Sustainability. 2Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case team 7 MBA Pudong The six companies are combined according to the filter UN Human Rights Child Labor Comp whatsoever LVMH Inditex SA Gap Inc. Levis H Hermes Main Action Supplier polity of Conduct lag Sponsorship Supplier Protocol Based on Best Practices California Transparency in Supply bonds Act Terms of Engagement Supplier Protocol Control Supplier Code of Conduct force Effective abolition of child labor. pop the question backing & educ ation material.Develop projects for children demise forced Child Labor/Human trafficking Sponsoring children to go to school Improvement of child labor conditions. Effective abolition of child labor. Provide financing and education material. jar Train managers in better(p) practices. Training and improvement of providers (safety protocols). 50 CSR specialists End forced labor. Improve building and fire safety standards. Train suppliers in their own language they know what to look for during factory audits. simplification in Chemicals Train managers in best practices.Impact Reduction of CO2 emissions Reduction of CO2 emissions Guidelines for sustainable garment production Reduction of CO2 emissions Direct impact on the environment Control illegal activities of hunting. attested / Greenwashing On the sort to be true(a) but lock in Greenwashing. Genuine Greenwashing Genuine Greenwashing On the way to be Genuine but still application of the policy is still Greenwashing. Genui ne/ Greenwashing Elimination of forced labor. Freedom of association. Genuine Greenwashing Genuine Genuine Elimination of forced labor. Freedom of association.Genuine/ Greenwashing Genuine Genuine Genuine Genuine Genuine Genuine Company Risk personality naughty write up highschool Reputation soaring Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH UN Human Rights Work Conditions Company LVMH Inditex SA Gap Inc. Levis H Hermes Main Action Human Resources phylogenesis Develop science and technology Code of Vendor Conduct Term of Engagement Improve work conditions. Human Resources maturement Main Action Environmental Task Force Criteria of eco-efficiency Sustainable Apparel optical fusion Forest Products Purchasing Policy Reduction of chemical use.Socially amenable supply channel. Company Risk character reference of product HIGH Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH Reputation MEDIUM/ HIGH Reputation HIGH Quality of product HIGH Company Risk Coherent account & image HIGH Repu tation HIGH Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH Coherent reputation & image HIGH Company Risk Coherent reputation & image HIGH Reputation & personify HIGH Reputation MEDIUM UN Environment Impact Company LVMH Inditex SA Gap Inc. Levis H Hermes UN Environment Sustainability Company LVMH Inditex SA Gap Inc.Main Action Encourage biodiversity Staff Sponsorship Green initiatives. High EPA ranking. Impact Reforestation and social program Product lines that use 100% organic cotton Reduction of weewee use. Improve operating(a) efficiencies in Chinese fabric mills. Genuine/ Greenwashing Genuine Genuine Genuine 3Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong Levis H Hermes Robust vetting system for suppliers truthful chemical policy Technological Development Ensures suppliers are in compliance with TOE Reduce water and energy in supply imprisonment.Reduce environmental resources Genuine Genuine Genuine Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH Reputation HIGH roaming The following graphs illustrate how distributively alliance ranks in comparison with one another based on. But, before reading them, it should be taken into consideration that each fellowship has different external environments and stakeholders which directly take up the CSR activities and strategies. Indeed, even though each of these companies is in the fashion industry, each has a distinctive market and set of requirements, such as boutique vs. massive distribution.Therefore, the rankings keisternot be construe a prime facie. UNGC Human Right Children Labor High Impact of the CSR issue UNGC Environment Impact High Impact of the CSR issue Low Low Genuine/ Greenwashing High Low Low Genuine/ Greenwashing High UNGC Human Right Working Conditions High Impact of the CSR issue UNGC Environment Sustainability High Impact of the CSR issue Low Low Genuine/ Greenwashing High Low Low Genuine/ Greenwashing High 4Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong From that it is accomplishable to rank the six companies (Table 3).Indeed, according to the four graphics above, there are evidences that some companies are operative better in terms of CSR. For instance, it is possible to point out that the extravagance brands are more involved in the CSR than the others. However, that begin sense, because the margins are greater therefore it easier to spend money on responsible blood practices, but in addition because the reputation ( satisfying step and image) is a big issues (Bendell & Kleanthouse, 2007). In addition, it comes to the mind the fact that the mass-production companies, such as H and INDITEX, vex to manage other problems that luxury brands do not oblige to deal with.However, Levis is historically gear uped on very strong ethical values and this is reflected in the daily practices. Indeed, Levis is consistently a leader in CSR and responsible business practices. Thus, as it was said above it is thorny to compare companies which deal n onchalant with different issues and market and public. Table 3 Ranking of companies studied by Team 7 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 Company Levis Hermes LVMH Inditex SA H Gap Inc. Conclusion The research indicates several(prenominal) glaring trends within the fashion industry.First and foremost, there appears to be an overall CSR evolution that started with crisis precaution, moved into brand insurance and last-placely ended with the implementation of initiatives that build a positive brand. In many cases, s jackpotdals involving child labor, poor running(a) conditions and/or crimes against the environment caused them to develop policies and guidelines that tell employees how to act and make decisions. A prima facie, the companies attempt to institutionalize CSR. In other words, the organization, employees and board of directions will align company goals and business strategies in accordance to higher CSR standards.In order to obtain external recognition for these efforts, many of the compan ies obtained accreditation with socially responsible authorizes, such as ISO 14001, EPA certification, FTSE and Dow Jones Sustainability Index. The companies put forward the idea that they are socially responsible and tend to publicize high numbers or percentages to tout their accomplishments. Yet, rarely do they provide information of the methodologies or absolute values that would place clearer, understandable quantitative values to the effects of their efforts.As a result, these numbers cannot be taken at face value. Thus, they are making a tremendous effort to be responsible mainly for marketing purposes as opposed to divine intention. Finally, without question, these fashion retailers hold a disproportionate tally of power and influence over the entire industry and therefore are put in a higher level of responsibility 5Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong Exhibit 1 H Company Christiane R. Pagsisihan H (Hennes ad Mauritz), a Swedish transnational clothes ret ailer, offers modern basics to high fashion apparel.Its objective is to deliver a never-ending be adrift of must-have pieces at affordable prices, comparable to other major retailers such as Uniqlo, Forever21, Topshop and Zara. The company works with a multitude of buyers, designers and suppliers to produce collections that are two up-to-date and with quality. Its recent expansion brought about opening 2700 stores worldwide in over 48 markets and employing over 94,000 people from all over the world. Its largest market is Germany, followed by the US, France and the UK. As of 2011, the company reached $15. billion worth of revenue, and 2. 50% revenue growth. (Yahoo Finance, 2012) In terms of H vision, its focus is to be run in a way that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. By sustainable, we mean that the needs of both present and time to come generations must be fulfilled. (H, 2012) Its CSR work is grounded on their desire for continuous improvement. As ment ioned in their website, We have a responsibility towards everyone who contributes to our success, including those who are not employees of H.That is why we work closely with our suppliers to develop sustainable social and environmental standards in the factories that manufacture H products. We have to tally that our employees human rights are not violated, and the same applies to employees of our suppliers and other co-operation partners, and to our customers. (H, 2012) Accordingly, H is also an active member of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), and is connected to align its strategies with the 10 universally accepted principles that the initiative stands for.Apart from UNGC, H is also a member of the graceful Labor Association (FLA), Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), and Fair Wage Network among many others. (H, 2012) With tenderness to how it addresses various industry issues, H is proactive in their approach in setting new standards to ensure that its aligned with its companys vision. H came up with a 7 Sustainable schema framework, an approach to managing its business. The framework is composed of the following commitments 1 Provide fashion for apprised customers pose products with an added sustainability value. look at and reward responsible partners Work with partners who share our values 3 Be ethical Always act with integrity and respect 4 Be climate smart Be energy-efficient and inspire others to reduce total CO2 emissions. 5 Reduce, reuse, and recycle Aim for zero waste to landfill. 6 Use natural resources responsibly Conserve water, soil, air and species. 7 Strengthen communities Contribute to the study of the communities where we operate. *Taken from H website (http//about. hm. com/content/hm/ just aboutSection/en/About/Sustainability/HMConscious/Strategy. tml) The framework the company came up with is not uncommon, however, the commitments it chose to value are the fundamental principles that any fashion retai l company should consider. Despite H CSR efforts, it still encountered mishaps in the past, publicized by several expressions by the media. Its main challenges consist of human rights and environmental issues. The companys sustainability report mentioned that, producing raw materials same cotton requires a lot of water and goes with concerns about chemical use and working conditions. (H, 2011) 6PageFashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong Back in 2010, it was reported that H knowingly passed of genetically modified (GM) cotton grown with synthetically agricultural chemicals- as organic cotton. (Vijayaraghavan, 2011) Another challenge that the company is aware of is its fabric processing issues. Fabric production can require intensive use of chemicals, again raising concerns for the environment and for the health of the workers. (H, 2012) In 2011, Greenpeace released a report claiming that clothing from nobble brands including H were corrupt with dangerous chemicals .H has also been attacked for sourcing its production in developing countries with poor labor standards. As mentioned in an article from Triodos, subjects are published that include accusations of child labor, unhealthy working environments, and low wages at the factories supplying H. (Triodos Bank, 2011) In spite these issues, H has been transparent about their sustainability strategy and as mentioned in an article, is committed to working with its Chinese suppliers to reduce water, energy, and toxic-chemical use in its supply chains. (Vijayaraghavan, 2011) As highlighted in H Sustainability strategy, it continues to implement actions that abet diminish the challenges that theyre currently facing. Listed below are some of the action plans the company implemented 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Make 100% of paper carrier bags from FSC Certified Paper. Reduce environmental impacts in cotton cultivation by using more sustainable cotton Help to lead the industry to zero discharge of hazardous chemicals Continue constantly to review and update chemical restrictions.Ban Fluorocarbons, Toluene from production Replace Solvent- Based polyurethan with water based alternative. publicise the development of Harmonized Corporate water accounting and reporting Standards Promote reduced water consumption in garment production Monitor waste water quality at supplier factories Develop and implement environmental guidelines for the purchase of non-commercial goods. *Taken from H Sustainability Report (H, 2011) Ultimately, H CSR efforts seem genuine however, bad PR attacks its credibility.Although H had a couple of mishaps, staying true to their commitments, being conscious of where it sources its materials, and monitoring their production process would make a big difference. When faced with CSR challenges, the company should always go back to its extensive sustainability strategy framework, and ensure that whatever it does as a company, that it should always stick to its commitments and vision. 7Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong Exhibit 2 LVMH About Corporate Social Responsibility in China Introduction Damien DandelotRecent fiscal crisis and economic troubles do not affect sales of luxury brands. According to the Luxury Goods Worldwide Market Study (Bain & Companys, 2012), luxury using up rose 8% to $US274 billion in 2011, with growth in the US, Europe and China (Holmes 2011). However, luxury brands, such as LVMH, have recently been a target for public criticism (Kapferer, 2012). Indeed, luxury goods are criticized for being extravagant, overpriced, exploiting third world suppliers, and wasteful when many people are struggling financially (Waller & Hingorani, 2011, p. 1).Moreover, recently luxury sector has been in the middle of a under enormous scrutiny reports have deeply criticized this industry for lagging behind (Bendell & Kleanthouse, 2007). Indeed, just by looking on the web, it easy to find idea such as sustainable an d luxury are incompatible terms. Thus, this exhibit will focus on the issues related to luxury brands and social responsibility, with a particular focus on LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy) -the worlds largest luxury goods conglomerate- in China and its practices in domain of Human Right (Children Labor and Safe working conditions) and Environment (Impact and Sustainability).China is for LVMH a target According to Ma (2010), the number of Chineses luxury customers will rise to 250 million around 2015. In addition, between others, China is in the middle of the criticism about luxury development. Indeed, China constitutes a menace for the planet critics point out the behavior of the richest whose consumption per capita is disproportionate (Kapferer, 2012). The company This study will examine the CSR activities run by LVMH, via, between other things, the analysis of its mid-2012 Financial Report and 2011 Annual Report.But first of all, let point out some information (Table 1). Table 1 An overview of LVMH (Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton Company) Industry Founded Headquarters Products Brands Luxury goods, retail 1987 Paris, France Clothing, cosmetics, fashion accessories, jewelry, perfumes, spirits, watches and wines Wines and Spirits The Glenmorangie Company Limited, Hennessy, Moet Hennessy UK, Moet Hennessy Asia Pacific, Moet Hennessy Diageo France, Veuve Clicquot, Moet & Chandon. Fashion and Leather Goods Louis Vuitton, Fendi, Celine, Givenchy, Kenzo, Loewe.Perfumes and Cosmetics LVMH Fragrance Brands, Guerlain, Perfumes Christian Dior. Watches and Jewellery Chaumet, De Beers, Hublot, Tag Heuer. Selective Distribution Le Bon Marche, Sephora, DFS. 23. 659 billion +16% from 2010 (29% of the revenue is from Asia, without Japan) 3. 465 billion near 98,000 employees worldwide (about 64 % outside France) 3095 stores in total (641 in Asia, without Japan) in in over 60 countries Revenue 2011 Net Profit 2011 Employees Geography Companys visionLVMH is quite clear on what is its try according to its vision and then its value, goal or mission Like any human activity, the businesses of the LVMH pigeonholing have an impact on the environment. The challenges faced by each business have been clearly set (LVMH, 2011 p. 125). Indeed, in LVMHs Annual Report (op. cit. ) we can find commitments such as Corporate mission A global vision dedicated to serving the needs of every customer. The successful marriage of cultures grounded in tradition and elegance with the most advanced marketing, industrial (op. cit, p. ). Managing risk and non-compliance Some Maisons are bringing their sites into restrictive compliance, particularly those classified for environmental protection LVMH requires its partners to subscribe to its Supplier Code of Conduct by truth of which it reserves the right to conduct compliance audits at any time and without notice (op. cit, p. 125). Organization and management techniques The main goal of the internal organization is to harnes s the commitment of all Group personnel and discipline them by offering resources best suited to their particular situation (op. it, p. 125). Economic impact Since 2010 LVMH has lent its tide over to the Conservation Cotton Initiative whose goal is to promote the cultivation of organic cotton in Africa and thus benefit the local clothing industry (op. cit, p. 129). Environment 46% of Group sites (excluding stores) were ISO 14001-certified and 27% of industrial, logistical or administrative sites (excluding stores) had been audited. Particular focus was placed on environmental risk management. building construction, renovation and operation, the Maisons implement a number of different standards and certifications, such as HQE, BBC, BREEAM and LEED. Following the completion of the Carbon Footprints and energy audits, the Maisons have implemented a number of initiatives (op. cit, p. 126-127). A commitment to citizenship The first component of the LVMH corporate sponsorship pro gram focuses on preserving artistic heritage. Children in elementary and high schools as well as art students benefit from educational programs designed and initiated by the Group to give them greater access to the best of culture, particularly in the surface areas of medicine and the visual arts (op. cit. , p. 133). A prima facie, LVMH try to let converged its entire conglomerate together, by make headway its brands to follow the corporates goal and vision. Indeed, by promoting some values such as ecology, education, good practice labor, Human Right, medicine, etc. 8Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong round the world, and by signing some certification and others accreditations, such as the United Nations Global Compact (LVMH, 2006), LVMH impose at its brands some behaviors and conducts rules. LVMH a discrete proactive company Although there was a lot of descriptive information on the web and in different articles and in LVMH Annual Report (2011), there were very few specifics in terms of the financial figures pertaining to the implementation of CSR various initiatives. Indeed, for China whole seven intra-/ extra-organizational activities have been found on Environmental and Human Right (Table 2).Table 2 LVMH CSR Sustainable Development UNGC Children Labor and Safe working conditions Impact and Sustainability Children Labor and Safe working conditions Children Labor and Safe working conditions Impact and Sustainability Children Labor Sustainability Children Labor and Safe working conditions Medicine Activity Human Resources Staff Sponsorship Corporate inhouse initiative Encourage biodiversity Suppliers Code of Conduct Research Activity To improve the functioning and the Sustainable development consciousness of their leaders, LVMH organized 16 forums, for 400 managers representing more than 30 brands and 30 countries.The subject of these forums covers all CSR spectrums. LVMH has been sponsoring a group of middle school students from S ichuan since the 2008 earthquake through academic support provided by the employees and by financing educational materials, in order to fight against Children labor. LVMH discuss with its brands about matters concerning human rights, nondiscrimination and equality with their employees by substance of posters, Intranet sites, inhouse media and in new employee guide booklets. LVMH is a partner in the Tianzi natural reserve (China) under a 10-year sponsorship agreement comprising eforestation, orchid planting and a social program. LVMH defends the principles of the Global Compact elimination of professional discrimination freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining elimination of any form of forced labor effective abolition of child labor. Pasteur Institute in China Thus, according to the table above, there are evidences of CSR framework on the top. For instance, the motto of the top management includes some CSR idea renew, recycle, reduce, a nd review.And kindred many others, LVMH is auditing regularly in its carbon imprint (since 2004). In fact, according to Kapferer (2012) all luxury groups have already imply some structure (Environmental Task Forces, Charters, etc. ) that make CSR an inherent criterion in all top decisions. However, still according to Kapferer (2012), even if CSR is already, for all luxury groups (LVMH, PPR, etc. ), on the top of their agenda (since 2001), they have not publicized it Luxury has moved forward but does not dialogue much about it (op. cit. , n. d. ). LVMH between genuine and fleeceable washing policyAccording to Bendell & Kleanthous (2007) when we measure companys performance in social issues, the brands did not fare well. To link that to LVMH, Bendell & Kleanthouse (op. cit. ) measured 10 luxury brands on their Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performance. The results are not very convincing. Indeed, by giving a score out of 100, and bedded from A (the best) to F (the wor st), out of the 10 companies, no one were graded more than a C+ LOreal topping the ranking, followed by Hermes and LVMH (followed by the same grade, but not the same score).In terms of practical issues there is an understandable paradox. Indeed, a 100% move to ethical trade (Children Labor and Safe working conditions and viridity concerns (Impact and Sustainability) today in the luxury sector would hurt the quality of their products (Bendell & Kleanthouse, 2007). However, all luxury groups have follow some high CSR goal of becoming sustainable luxury models (op. cit. ). In this sense, LVMH policy does not go in the direction of green washing, but rather of a genuine incorporation of the CSR concerns into the whole value chain (sourcing, creating, manufacturing, logistics, istribution, marketing, servicing, waste and recycling). Nonetheless, even its effort and its strategy of integrate CSR on the top LVMH is still between two lines indeed, because the company must provide a self-e xpression which reflects class, status, and quality, the company cannot turn in green or ethic concerns tomorrow, but must to be ready to take the turn when this one will appear. Conclusion and Recommendations Because it seems clear that as luxury brands LVMH promotes itself to the worldwide audience, LVMH is increasing the extent to which CSR and sustainability issues feature in its business practices.Then by being more proactive in their civic responsibilities and keeping within government regulations in its business operation, LVMH can build a reputation as a good corporate citizen. If LVMH can continue to develop its actions in activities such as eco-friendly ingredient sourcing, fair pricing, eco-manufacturing, and efficient non-wasteful distribution, as well as corporate sponsorship, the company will finally has a competitive advantage.Indeed, some CSR actions deeply attentive can, on one hand, help to promote a specific image that management would like to draw to its vario us stakeholders, and on the other hand, can also counter criticism for other issues that may affect the company. Thus, if LVMH will bear upon its providers and distributors to accelerate behavioral changes and align faster with CSR standards, it will play a ahead(p) role in the redefinition of the modern hero (Kapferer, 2012). Indeed, the rich of tomorrow by its conspicuous choice of luxury brands will demonstrate not only their taste and wealth but their sense of discernment and altruism.In other words, because luxury brands can lead the way by redefining the notion of quality and the luxury dream, more than individual, LVMH can differentiate itself from its competitors, but moreover, be sustainable in social, economic and ecological in term. 9Page Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong Exhibit 3 Inditex Company Jose Antonio Mallen Inditex is the largest fashion retailer in Spain and one of the worlds largest fashion retailers. Over 100 textile design, manufacturing a nd distribution companies form the group.The products are shown in eight different concept stores (Zara, Pull, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home and Uterque). Inditex has opened until this moment 5. 963 stores in 85 different markets. FISCAL YEAR Net Sale (million of euros) Net Profit (million of euros) N? of stores N? of markets Number of employees 2011 13,793 1,932 5,527 82 109,512 2010 12,527 1,732 5,044 77 100,138 11/10 10% 12% 483 5 9. 4% The Inditex financial year is from 1st February to 31st January of the following year Source Inditex annual report 2011Inditex was the first Spanish company to sign on the United Nations Global Compact in 2001, and since 2010 is a member of the UN Global Compact Advisory Group on Supply Chain Sustainability. Besides sign on the United Nations Global Compact, Inditex works with two other institutions in order to develop its corporate social responsibility The Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) and The International Textile Ga rments & Leather Workers Federation (INDITEX, 2012). Inditex is listed as well in the FTSE ranking the second within the retail supersector leaders (FTSE, 2012) and is included in the Dow Jones sustainability Index since 2002.As mention in its press dossier Inditex views social and environmental variables as a strategic vector for its management system. Sustainable growth, which customers and lodge in general increasingly demand, is a value we at the company share and apply to our supplier relationships. The CSR strategy is apply and integrated in the business through the Internal Code of Conduct and the Code of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Suppliers, in the social area, and through the Environmental Strategic Plan in the environmental area.The open and honest relationship that Inditex maintain with its stakeholders is based in transparency management and its efforts in this area have received international recognition. (INDITEX, 2012) Labor and Human Rights (100% in Comm unication on Progress) Through the Code of Conduct, which is non-negotiable for all Inditex suppliers and manufacturers, is how the company guarantee acceptable working conditions for each one of the employees of Inditex manufacturers and suppliers. The company is visionary in this aspect and develops new programs in Brazil, India, Cambodia or Turkey, even when India only represents the 5% of its production.Child Labour Inditex has a specific protocol for the prevention of child labour in its supply chain. This protocol is based on the best practices of the industry, but Inditex goes more deeply into other aspects that let it for example develop de Vidya project for the Indian children. precaution Conditions In collaboration with scientific and technological institutions and companies, it has started up a programme of training support for its suppliers on specific and relevant aspects of the Inditex health and safety 10 P a g e Fashion Industry China CSR Case Team 7 MBA Pudong pr otocols.It works directly with the suppliers to avoid the use of insecure methods in the clothes manufacturing and providing them alternative methods. (INDITEX, 2012) Environment (94% in Communication on Progress) Inditex is always aware of the possible impact of its activities (design, manufacturing, distribution, retail) on biodiversity and the environment, encouraging compliance with environmental regulations and looking for increase efficiency in resources consumption and reduction of environmental impact. Inditex implements these issues in the form of an environmental management system.The company is totally proactive in this aspect, leading the industry and signing on different organizations and projects that support environmental issues. Proof of this, is that in 2011 Inditex supports two of the international organizations that are most representative in boosting policies of environmental and natural resource management break out Cotton Initiative and The CEO Water Mandate (included in the global compact initiative) Impact The major impact that Inditex create in the environment is through its activities of distribution and retail.They addressed this topics through concrete actions like open all its new stores with a criteria of eco-efficiency (483 stores with this concepts in 2011) or setting the objective of reduce the emissions from logistical activity by 20% by 2020. Usually, almost all the CSR actions have an immediate or future economic benefit for the company. In this particular case, although looks like a genuine action, the opening of new eco-efficiency stores involves a decrease in the costs of power and water in these stores. For this reason is difficult to know the final reasons (CSR or profit) of the company.Sustainability The natural resources and water spend to manufacture Inditexs products is one of its main concerns. Several chains of the group have developed specific 100% organic cotton collections. In the same direction, Inditex is u sing tencel, a fibre which is manufactured from eucalyptus wood and which is totally biodegradable. What the company communicates through different sources (annual report, press release, etc. ) about its CSR efforts in sustainability is quite close respect to what external sources show.I have not found any issue related with a CSR wrong management. Moreover, the company is usually listed in the top of sustainability rankings. In my opinion their efforts in CSR are genuine, because not only was one of the first Spanish companies adopting social and environmental responsibility into their strategy but also because as they say in their annual report Inditex maintains a continuous dialogue with its stakeholders in order to identify the issues that most interest or concern them (INDITEX, 2012).It is difficult to improve the companys CSR performance. They were developing a CSR strategy for a long time they have tools and resources to manage the different CSR issues that affect them, in a positive or negative way, and a very proactive way approaching CSR. These are the main reasons because I think that Inditex is a leader and should be an example to others companies within the industry. Probably this could be the next step in its CSR strategy, showing to their competitors the best way to approach CSR strategy in their companies. 11 P a g e

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) - Research Paper exemplarEthnic groups Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, Russian and new(prenominal)s 5%.Religion (2010 Embassy est.) Sunni Muslim 95%, Shia Muslim 3%, other 2%. Langu age Tajik (the official state language as of 1994, with follow-up legislation in 2009) Russian is widely used in government and business 74% of the population lives in rural communities where mostly Tajik is spoken. Education Literacy (according to the Tajikistan Living Standards Survey for 2007)--97.4%. The Tajik education system has been struggling through a period of disapprove since independence, however, and some evidence suggests functional literacy is much lower. Health (2010 est.) Life expectancy--62.29 years men 68.52 years women. sister mortality rate--41.03 deaths/1,000 live births. Work force (2010) The official work force is 2.1 million. The actual number of running(a) age citizens is closer to 4 million. As many as half of all working age males, and an increasing number of females, seek jobs outside of the country, primarily in Russia. The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the joint of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and soon fell into a civil war. From 1992 to 1997 internal fighting ensued between old-guard regionally based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the sectionalisation of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993. By 1997, the preponderantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO had negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Once guaranteed 30% of government positions, motive oppositionists have almost entirely been removed from government as President Rahmon has consolida ted power. The last Russian border guards protecting Tajikistans 1,344 km border with Afghanistan completed their withdrawal in July 2005. Russia maintains its military presence in Tajikistan with the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik noncommissioned officers and soldiers. Tajikistans most recent parliamentary elections in 2010 and its 2006 presidential election were considered to be flawed and unfair entirely peaceful. The parliamentary elections, in which the ruling party secured 55 of the 63 seats, failed to meet many key system of rules for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) standards on democratic elections, and some observers saw them as even worsened than the flawed 2005 elections. In June 2003, Tajikistan held a flawed referendum to enact a package of constitutional changes, including a render to allow President Rahmon the possibility of re-election to up to two additional 7-year terms after his term run out in 2006. civilised War Brief Summary of The Conflict After the civil war in 1992, sporadic fighting continued in remote areas. The road to peace in Tajikistan has been long and tedious. (Tajikistan Civil War), The process of national reconciliation in this impoverished Central Asian country was set in motion by a June 1997 UN-mediated settlement between Tajikistans Moscow-backed government and the

The British Has A Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The British Has A Constitution - judge ExampleConstitutions, McEwen (2004) adds, establish the composition, powers and functions of the institutions of the state, regulate the relations between these institutions, and enshrine the legal rights and duties of the citizenry.The Unwritten UK ConstitutionConstitutions of entirely other states atomic number 18 codified. Codified constitutions are largely written, centered around a single schedule incorporating key constitutional provisions that are binding on all political institutions. (McEwen 2004) In contrast, the British constitution is not written or codified in a single document. Where codified constitutions are entrenched and enjoys the protecition of a Supreme Court, and can only be repealed or amended by exceptional provisions, the uncodified constitutions are beyond the ordinary legislative process. Sources of the UK ConstitutionThe UK Constitution is found a number of sources, to wit they following1. Statute fairness Many Acts of Parliament concern constitutional law.2. Common / Case Law The British constitution is judge madeand derives some of its principles from jurisprudence. 3. Royal Prerogative This refers to powers originally exercised by the monarch traditionally, among which powers. Most prerogatives are now directly exercised by ministers, such as the power to regulate the complaisant service, or the power to issue passports.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of deoxyribonucleic acid - lab Report Example deoxyribonucleic acid is the double stranded helical structure which carries the genetic information. The study of the DNA soupcon will give us the details about life. DNA molecules can be extracted from the cell using the extraction techniques and they are then quantified using the agarose change electrophoresis. The DNA fragment is sepa sum upd in the Agarose based on the pore size (that is the concentration of the agarose), the voltage employ, the molecular(a) size of the DNA molecule and the conformation of the DNA. The smaller molecules a move downwards in the gel faster than the larger molecules and the disengagement occurs based on the size of the DNA. If high voltage is applied, then the migration will be faster only the separation of the DNA fragments will not be clear. (Westermeier 2006). So, 110 volts for 30- 45 minutes is usually applied for the separation of the DNA fragments in the gel. T he agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA molecule showed distinct bands in the lanes 4,5 and 6 indicating that only a single DNA is present in the sample. Introduction Doeoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer consisting of base, net and a phosphate bond. The sugar is always deoxy- ribose in case of DNA and the base will be a purine or pyrimidine molecule Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine or Thymine. Phosphate molecule connects the two nucleosides. DNA is a covalently linked structure which is helical in shape. DNA is a double helical structure held together by the hydrogen bonds. DNA carries the genetic information. ... Since DNA are acidic in nature, they migrate towards the verificatory pole when exposed to an electric field. The pore sixe of agarose sieve is determined by the concentration of agarose. Agarose gels are do with a concentration varying from 0.7- 1.5%. DNA in a neutral solution is negatively charged. (Williamson and Campbell 1997). So if an electric field is applied to the DNA, it will move towards the anode pole from the cathode pole. Based on the fragment size, the rate of migration will be inversely proportional to the fragment size. The smaller fragments will move faster than the larger ones and the distance moved by the fragments are measured by using the molecular marker. Molecular marker is the standard DNA fragment sizes which act as the standards to measure the molecular weight of the DNA fragments. thusly by providing constant voltage into the agarose gel, we are able to separate the DNA fragments based on their molecular weight. (Westermeier 2006). Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA is a very simple and reproducible technique. The mobility of the DNA molecule in neutral solution was independent of the size of the fragment but varied with the ionic strength .The DNA fragments of up to 40 kilo base pair can be separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. (Williamson and Campbell 1997). The DNA fragments get separated based on molecu lar size, the current applied, concentration of Agarose and the conformation of the DNA. Agarose is a copolymer containing 1,3-linked ?-D-galactose and 1,4-linked 3,6- anhydro-?-L-galactose linked together by the junction zones and joined by the hydrogen bonds. (Stellwagen 2009). A standard escape is used to identify the size of the fragments. In

Human Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

kind-hearted Language - Essay ExampleHowever, this physicality poses a greater risk f choking as food passes directly across the trachea. Other animals do not have this anatomy so wherefore physically burnnot speak. evolutionary psychologists argue that for this to have evolved into humankind over millions of f years the advantages must far-off outweigh the potential hazards. They maintain that human voice communication originated for a specific reason. The majority f while washed-out by our early ancestors would be foraging for food in a hostile environment, with fiddling conviction for establishing bonds with their deliver groups. Primates communicate within groups by grooming, but obviously, this is time-consuming and can but be done on an individual basis. Dunbar comments, What language seems to do is allow you to overcome that obstacle and apply what time you have in a much more efficient way. Language allows humans to reproof to several people at the same time. You can talk whilst doing other tasks and this enables humans to establish numerous more individuals, increasing the amount f people you be communicating with. Physicalities aside, Aitchison defines human language as having four unique factors semanticity - in that the words or other units must have a nub displacement - where language can be used whether the object in question is present or not structure dependence - given that the order f the words must profit well-formed sense and creativity - probably the most human quality f all, as there are in essence.... Other animals do not have this anatomy so therefore physically cannot speak. Evolutionary psychologists argue that for this to have evolved in humans over millions f years the advantages must far outweigh the potential hazards. They maintain that human language originated for a specific reason. The majority f time spent by our early ancestors would be foraging for food in a hostile environment, with little time for est ablishing bonds with their present groups. Primates communicate within groups by grooming, but obviously this is time consuming and can only be done on an individual basis. Dunbar (1993, p. 89) comments, What language seems to do is allow you to overcome that barrier and use what time you have in a much more efficient way. Language allows humans to talk to several people at the same time. You can talk whilst doing other tasks and this enables humans to reach many more individuals, increasing the amount f people you are communicating with.Physicalities aside, Aitchison (1983) defines human language as having four unique factors semancity - in that the words or other units must have a meaning displacement - where language can be used whether the object in question is present or not structure dependence - given that the order f the words (syntax) must make well-formed sense and creativity - probably the most human quality f all, as there are in essence, a never-ending number f differe nt expressions that can be communicated. existence use particular tools when communicating. They attempt to recognise and allocate words to certain meanings, then identify the grammatical placement f the word in a sentence, and finally refer back to a wider textual context, using previous knowledge to

Produce a report on the marketing of a consumer product of your choice Essay

Produce a report on the marketing of a consumer product of your choice utilizing some of the techniques discussed on your course - Essay ExampleIn fact, Nokia Smartphones suck pushed the company out of losses and set it on a path of reclamation and growth (Garside, 2013). 2. identify Market Segments for Nokia Lumia and Size of Market 2.1 Customer Segments Targeted Nokia smartphones are now available for many different node segments as shown be poor Lumia 920 and Lumia 820 These phones are based on the Windows 8 platform, are 4G enabled, and target guests who can corrupt toweringer end products and who desire latest technology and a striking variation of apps (Aulakh, 2013). Lumia 720 and Lumia 520 These smartphones target the impairment sensitive customer segment. These are priced at low and mid-range and provide almost similar hardware as its sophisticated higher end sets. However, the services provided are lesser. The concept behind these phones is to target customers who cannot afford high end phones but who still need cell phones for net connectivity and functional utility (Spence, 2013). Nokia Lumia 700 and 800 These are the low range of smartphones that were initially launched to create interest and awareness among the new customers (Spence, 2013). It can therefore be detect that Nokia Smartphones cover nearly all the customer segments with the variety of products that they attain in the market. 2.2 Market Size and egress The market for the smartphones is in the stage of rapid growth as can be seen from the growth statistics for the uttermost year. In the second quarter of the year 2012, the mobile market grew at the rate of 1% with 406.0 one million million units of mobiles being shipped during the quarter (IDC Press Release, 2012). However, the smartphones market grew at a much higher rate of 42.1% in 2012 with 153.9 millionunits being shipped worldwide (IDC Press Release, 2012). The main competitors in the smartphone market are Samsung a nd Apple. These two players have captured diverse market segments ranging from low priced to high priced. Samsung focuses on a diverse strategy where it introduces smartphones for a variety of customer segments so that it covers all sections of the market. On the other hand, Apple targets only the high end customer segment with sophisticated and highly priced smartphones. Smartphones growth markets largely consist of the European countries as well as emerging economies of Asia and Latin America. There is a continuous rise in the demand of smartphones in countries handle India and China which provide a huge market due to their large populations. However, in spite of the large growth and expected progression of the smartphone market, Nokia has fallen behind the two main competitors Samsung and Apple. The reason is largely attributed to the admittance of the Microsoft Windows Phone 8 that prevented existing uses of Nokia Lumia to upgrade to the new operating system (Garside, 2013). This restriction led to a decline in the sales of the Nokia Lumia though it is expected that the upgradation will eventually happen for the existing users. comparable Samsung, Nokia also follows the strategy of penetrating diverse customer segments and has developed smartphones of varying prices and sophistication. The following graph shows the BCG hyaloplasm for smartphone market and the market position of Nokia Figure 1 BCG Matrix for Smartphone Market and Market Position of Nokia Lumia 3. succeeding(a) Trends in Smart Phone Market